Theophylline
證據等級: L5 | 預測適應症: 7 個
## 藥師評估報告
Theophylline 藥師筆記
一句話總結
Theophylline（茶鹼）是甲基黃嘌呤類支氣管擴張劑，TxGNN 預測其對嗅覺障礙及阻塞性肺病具療效，已有臨床試驗支持其用於病毒感染後嗅覺喪失。
快速總覽
| 項目 | 內容 |
|---|---|
| 藥物名稱 | Theophylline |
| DrugBank ID | DB00277 |
| 台灣商品名 | 小兒治喘糖漿、氣舒錠、泰乙乳甘液等 |
| 原核准適應症 | 支氣管性氣喘、支氣管炎、心臟性呼吸困難 |
| 預測新適應症 | bronchitis、thrombotic disease、nasal cavity disease、laryngotracheitis、tracheal disease、obstructive lung disease、pharyngitis |
| 最高證據等級 | L2（Phase 2 臨床試驗） |
| TxGNN 分數 | 0.867（鼻腔疾病） |
預測適應症詳細分析
1. thrombotic disease L4 99.62% 主要分析
為什麼這個預測合理？
### 作用機轉支持
Theophylline 具有多重作用機轉：
- 磷酸二酯酶（PDE）抑制：增加細胞內 cAMP，鬆弛平滑肌
- 腺苷受體拮抗：抗發炎和支氣管擴張
- 抗發炎作用：調節免疫反應
- 增強黏液纖毛清除：改善呼吸道清除功能
臨床試驗
目前無針對此特定適應症的臨床試驗登記。
相關文獻
| PMID | 年份 | 類型 | 期刊 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8055680 | 1994 | Article | Clinical pharmacokinetics | Clinical pharmacokinetics of ticlopidine. |
| 21719422 | 2011 | Article | Rheumatology (Oxford, England) | Age, gender and disease-related platelet and neutrophil activation ex vivo in wh... |
| 6771102 | 1980 | Article | CRC critical reviews in bioche | Prostaglandins, platelets, and atherosclerosis. |
| 32824700 | 2020 | Article | Cells | Impact of Anticoagulation and Sample Processing on the Quantification of Human B... |
| 197665 | 1977 | Article | Stroke | Report of Joint Committee for Stroke Resources. IV. Brain edema in stroke. |
| 15475744 | 2004 | Article | Inflammatory bowel diseases | Formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates in inflammatory bowel disease. |
| 749930 | 1978 | Article | British journal of haematology | Plasma levels of platelet factor 4 measured by radioimmunoassay. |
| 25856065 | 2015 | Article | Platelets | Measurement of soluble C-type lectin-like receptor 2 in human plasma. |
| 29254574 | 2018 | Article | Analytica chimica acta | A highly sensitive gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical aptasensor for theoph... |
| 29956444 | 2018 | Article | Journal of thrombosis and haem | Tuning the endothelial response: differential release of exocytic cargos from We... |
| 26764324 | 2016 | Article | The Journal of nutrition | Aged Garlic Extract Inhibits Human Platelet Aggregation by Altering Intracellula... |
| 7307205 | 1981 | Article | Chirurgia italiana | [Raynaud's phenomenon: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects]. |
| 29220362 | 2017 | Article | PloS one | Optimized plasma preparation is essential to monitor platelet-stored molecules i... |
| 8318681 | 1993 | Article | Journal of the American Societ | Posttransplant erythrocytosis: case report and review of newer treatment modalit... |
| 8981060 | 1996 | Article | General pharmacology | Interplay between milrinone and adenosine in the inhibition of human platelet re... |
| 14231672 | 1964 | Article | Zeitschrift fur die gesamte in | [CHRONIC COR PULMONALE AS A RESULT OF THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASES]. |
| 6241135 | 1984 | Article | Cor et vasa | Distribution of T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with vascular diseases. |
| 7929829 | 1994 | Article | The Journal of clinical invest | Adenosine-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation by acadesine. A novel anti... |
| 4776567 | 1973 | Article | Minerva cardioangiologica | [Hemokinetic and metabolic action of 7-2-(3-pyridyl-methylamino)-ethyl-theophyll... |
2. nasal cavity disease L3 99.53%
臨床試驗（1 項）
| 試驗編號 | 階段 | 狀態 | 人數 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT03990766 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 27 | SCENT Trial: Nasal Theophylline Irrigation for Treatment of Post-Viral Olfactory... |
相關文獻（3 篇）
| PMID | 年份 | 類型 | 期刊 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9648963 | 1998 | Article | The European respiratory journ | Effect of slow-release theophylline on nasal antigen challenge in subjects with ... |
| 21139231 | 2010 | Article | Biological & pharmaceutical bu | Intratracheal sensitization/challenge-induced biphasic asthmatic response and ai... |
| 11331690 | 2001 | Article | Pediatrics | High-flow nasal cannulae in the management of apnea of prematurity: a comparison... |
3. laryngotracheitis L5 99.51%
目前尚無針對此適應症的專門臨床研究。此為 TxGNN 模型預測結果，需進一步驗證。
4. tracheal disease L4 99.49%
相關文獻（20 篇）
| PMID | 年份 | 類型 | 期刊 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31565900 | 2019 | Article | Journal of veterinary science | A retrospective study of theophylline-based therapy with tracheal collapse in sm... |
| 2353933 | 1990 | Article | Biochemical pharmacology | Activities of caffeine, theophylline, and enprofylline analogs as tracheal relax... |
| 27334733 | 2016 | Article | Advances in experimental medic | Bronchodilator and Anti-Inflammatory Action of Theophylline in a Model of Ovalbu... |
| 26456328 | 2015 | Article | Journal of ethnopharmacology | A review of the relaxant effect of various medicinal plants on tracheal smooth m... |
| 11802998 | 2001 | Article | Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zh | [Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica]. |
| 4567047 | 1972 | Article | Munchener medizinische Wochens | [The acute respiratory insufficiency]. |
| 33968155 | 2021 | Article | Evidence-based complementary a | Relaxant Effect of Urginea maritima on Tracheal Smooth Muscle Mediated by the Ef... |
| 17034662 | 2006 | Article | The Journal of pharmacy and ph | Relaxant effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) on guinea-pig tracheal chains and it... |
| 29169285 | 2017 | Article | Pharmaceutical biology | Relaxant effect of Curcuma longa on rat tracheal smooth muscle and its possible ... |
| 3837199 | 1985 | Article | La Pediatria medica e chirurgi | [Aspiration bronchopneumopathies]. |
| 10796303 | 2000 | Article | The Cochrane database of syste | Prophylactic methylxanthine for extubation in preterm infants. |
| 12535389 | 2003 | Article | The Cochrane database of syste | Prophylactic methylxanthines for extubation in preterm infants. |
| 30151306 | 2018 | Article | Journal of pharmacopuncture | Effects of standardized extracts of Lamium album and Urtica dioica on rat trache... |
| 38108836 | 2024 | Article | Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives | New phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors present airways relaxant activity in a guinea... |
| 9581228 | 1998 | Article | Anasthesiologie, Intensivmediz | [The importance of bronchial hyperreactivity in anesthesiology]. |
| 3240706 | 1988 | Article | Drugs under experimental and c | Doxofylline and theophylline are xanthines with partly different mechanisms of a... |
| 29710541 | 2018 | Article | Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy | Muscarinic receptors, nitric oxide formation and cyclooxygenase pathway involved... |
| 16397917 | 2006 | Article | Phytotherapy research : PTR | Relaxant effect of Thymus vulgaris on guinea-pig tracheal chains and its possibl... |
| 35177065 | 2022 | Article | BMC pulmonary medicine | Effect of doxofylline on pulmonary inflammatory response and oxidative stress du... |
| 35413820 | 2022 | Article | BMC pediatrics | Risk factors that affect the degree of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preter... |
5. obstructive lung disease L1 99.48%
臨床試驗（50 項）
| 試驗編號 | 階段 | 狀態 | 人數 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT04077528 | N/A | UNKNOWN | 2000 | Research on Severe Asthma |
| NCT01293734 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 360 | Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Clinical Treatment of the Acute E... |
| NCT04269187 | EARLY_PHASE1 | UNKNOWN | 46 | Diaphragmatic Ultrasound in Critically Ill Patients With Therapeutic Theophyllin... |
| NCT00671151 | NA | COMPLETED | 35 | Molecular Mechanisms of COPD Exacerbations. Effect of Low-Dose Theophylline |
| NCT01684683 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | 100 | Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Theophylline in the Treatment of Non-Cystic Fibr... |
| NCT07393685 | N/A | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | 300 | Effect of Xuanfei Jiangzhuo Decoction on Clinical Remission in Influenza-Induced... |
| NCT03015090 | NA | COMPLETED | 110 | Association Study Between CYP1A2 Gene Polymorphisms and Metabolism of Theophylli... |
| NCT01696214 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | 20 | SAPS:Smoking Asthmatics Pilot Study: |
| NCT01875003 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 348 | A Study of Lebrikizumab in Adolescent Participants With Uncontrolled Asthma Who ... |
| NCT03984188 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 100 | Effectiveness of Low-Dose Theophylline for the Management of Biomass-Associated ... |
| NCT02733016 | N/A | COMPLETED | 259 | Seinäjoki Adult Asthma Study: A 12-year Real-life Follow-up Study of New-onset A... |
| NCT04946318 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | 136 | A 24-week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-arm, Placebo-controll... |
| NCT01663987 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | 79 | A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Parallel Group, Multi Center Stu... |
| NCT00000578 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | N/A | NHLBI/NICHD Collaborative Studies of Asthma in Pregnancy |
| NCT01599871 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 70 | Multicenter 52 Weeks Double Blind Placebo-controlled Trial for the Assessment of... |
| NCT07363642 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | 400 | TAPER: A Prospective, Interventional, Multicentre, Single-Arm, Phase 3b Study to... |
| NCT04234360 | PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | 600 | Eosinophil-driven Corticotherapy for Patients Hospitalized for COPD Exacerbation... |
| NCT00442338 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 91 | MK-476 IV Formulation Phase III Open Label Exploratory Comparative Study - Acute... |
| NCT02918019 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 517 | A Phase IIb, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, Dose-Ran... |
| NCT01662986 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | 79 | A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Parallel Group, Multi Center Stu... |
| NCT01729351 | N/A | COMPLETED | 7195 | Comparative Effectiveness of Extrafine Hydrofluoroalkane Beclometasone Versus Fl... |
| NCT01132781 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 28 | The Effect of Theophylline in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis |
| NCT01415518 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | 581 | Efficacy and Tolerability Study of Symbicort Turbuhaler(160/4.5µg/Inhalation,2in... |
| NCT00241631 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 49 | Enhancement of In-vitro GC Function in Patients With COPD. A Randomised, Double ... |
| NCT01735240 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | 15 | An Open-label, Fixed-sequence, Single-centre Phase I Study to Assess the Effect ... |
| NCT02790047 | NA | UNKNOWN | 50 | Effect of Home-base Exercise Program With a Conical Positive Expiratory Pressure... |
| NCT01697722 | N/A | COMPLETED | 815377 | A Retrospective Evaluation of Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness of Extrafine ... |
| NCT01287351 | N/A | COMPLETED | 82903 | Retrospective, Real-life Observational Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Cost-... |
| NCT06525051 | N/A | COMPLETED | 108 | Examination of the Effect of Handhaler Tiotropium, a Long-acting Anticholinergic... |
| NCT02257463 | NA | COMPLETED | 60 | Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Exercise Performance and Quality of Lif... |
| NCT01141452 | N/A | COMPLETED | 815377 | Retrospective, Real-life Evaluation of the Effectiveness, Cost-effectiveness and... |
| NCT00299858 | PHASE2, PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 24 | Effect of Theophylline on Exercise Capacity and Lung Function in COPD Patients R... |
| NCT02270827 | N/A | TERMINATED | 5 | A Pilot Study Into Health Pre and Post Treatment With Intravenous Aminophylline ... |
| NCT01126437 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 17183 | A Randomized, Active-controlled, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Parallel Group Desi... |
| NCT01141465 | N/A | COMPLETED | 815377 | A Retrospective Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Fixed-dose Combination Inhale... |
| NCT02340520 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 13 | Enhancement of Corticosteroid Efficacy in COPD |
| NCT03269318 | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | 2 | Feasibility of a Personalised Medicine Clinic for Children With Asthma Aged 5-11... |
| NCT05426915 | N/A | UNKNOWN | 750 | Clinical Study for the Effectiveness of Roflumilast Treatment in COPD Greek Pati... |
| NCT00634413 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 91 | A Phase II, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Efficacy Study of... |
| NCT01623544 | N/A | COMPLETED | 6086 | A U.S. Retrospective Database Analysis Evaluating the Comparative Effectiveness ... |
| NCT01242098 | N/A | COMPLETED | 137 | Retrospective, Real-life Observational, Matched Cohort Evaluation of the Effecti... |
| NCT01313585 | N/A | COMPLETED | 815377 | Retrospective, Real-life Observational Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Mixed ... |
| NCT02346292 | N/A | COMPLETED | 1250 | Observational Multicenter Non-interventional Study on COPD Patients Treatment St... |
| NCT01794780 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | 2229 | A 1-year Multi-center, Prospective, Cohort Study in Patients With Chronic Obstru... |
| NCT06034145 | N/A | UNKNOWN | 500 | Methacholine Challenge Testing: Comparison of FEV1 and IOS Parameters in Adult A... |
| NCT02048930 | N/A | COMPLETED | 24003 | Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness Evaluation of Easyhaler Versus Other Device... |
| NCT02023554 | NA | COMPLETED | 40 | A Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Study to Evaluate the Effect of Azithromycin ... |
| NCT02001935 | NA | COMPLETED | 102 | Association Between CytochromeP4501A2(CYP1A2) and CytochromeP4502E1(CYP2E1) Gene... |
| NCT01387178 | N/A | COMPLETED | 22223 | Outcomes From Initial Maintenance Therapy With Fluticasone Propionate 250/Salmet... |
| NCT00119496 | PHASE2, PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 79 | A Clinical Study to Investigate the Effect of Rosiglitazone, Theophylline and In... |
相關文獻（20 篇）
| PMID | 年份 | 類型 | 期刊 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3534060 | 1986 | Article | The Journal of allergy and cli | Theophylline improves global cardiac function and reduces dyspnea in chronic obs... |
| 6145380 | 1984 | Article | Annals of internal medicine | Theophylline reassessed. |
| 23672674 | 2013 | Article | American journal of respirator | Theophylline. |
| 3056428 | 1988 | Article | Arzneimittel-Forschung | Biochemical and cellular basis for circadian rhythms in obstructive lung disease... |
| 2877017 | 1986 | Article | The Journal of allergy and cli | Theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. |
| 27844172 | 2017 | Article | Handbook of experimental pharm | Xanthines and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors. |
| 7783821 | 1995 | Article | The Netherlands journal of med | The position of theophylline in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive ... |
| 8518774 | 1993 | Article | Monaldi archives for chest dis | Hyperinflation, trapped gas and theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary di... |
| 14988770 | 2004 | Article | Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spa | Theophylline: mechanism of action and use in asthma and chronic obstructive pulm... |
| 15529070 | 2004 | Article | The Journal of cardiovascular | Managing the heart failure patient with obstructive lung disease. |
| 30282573 | 2018 | Article | Deutsches Arzteblatt internati | Medical Treatment of COPD. |
| 2361508 | 1990 | Article | Equine veterinary journal | Plasma theophylline concentration and lung function in ponies with recurrent obs... |
| 31207387 | 2019 | Article | Current opinion in pharmacolog | Transcription inhibitors and inflammatory cell activity. |
| 9756184 | 1998 | Article | Clinical and experimental alle | Theophylline and airway inflammation. |
| 7982769 | 1994 | Article | Israel journal of medical scie | Physiological and neuropsychological effects of theophylline in chronic obstruct... |
| 29255355 | 2017 | Article | International journal of chron | Doxofylline is not just another theophylline! |
| 1729064 | 1992 | Article | Chest | Theophylline and salbutamol improve pulmonary function in patients with irrevers... |
| 9756187 | 1998 | Article | Clinical and experimental alle | Therapeutic activities of theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. |
| 3893923 | 1985 | Article | Chest | Effects of theophylline on cardiovascular performance in chronic obstructive pul... |
| 11194779 | 2000 | Article | Clinics in chest medicine | Respiratory muscle function and drive in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. |
6. pharyngitis L4 99.46%
相關文獻（11 篇）
| PMID | 年份 | 類型 | 期刊 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9109154 | 1997 | Article | The Pediatric infectious disea | History of macrolide use in pediatrics. |
| 9866845 | 1998 | Article | La Pediatria medica e chirurgi | [The tonsils and adenoids as a site of infection and the cause of obstruction]. |
| 27383495 | 2016 | Article | Pakistan journal of pharmaceut | Efficacy and safety of Linkus, Aminophylline diphenhydramine and acefyllin piper... |
| 18611663 | 1995 | Article | International journal of antim | Azithromycin: the first of the tissue-selective azalides. |
| 27418561 | 2016 | Article | International journal of pharm | Solid-state characterization of optically pure (+)Dihydromyricetin extracted fro... |
| 4155460 | 1974 | Article | Klinicheskaia meditsina | [Treatment of bronchial asthma]. |
| 14049296 | 1963 | Article | Western medicine; the medical | PHARYNGITIS: ALLERGIC OR INFECTIOUS? |
| 8988416 | 1996 | Article | The Japanese journal of antibi | [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on azithromycin in children]. |
| 522760 | 1979 | Article | The Medical journal of Austral | Respiratory syncytial virus with apnoea treated with theophylline. |
| 3221432 | 1988 | Article | The Japanese journal of antibi | [Clinical results of a rokitamycin dry syrup in pediatric infections]. |
| 7295371 | 1981 | Article | Boletin medico del Hospital In | [Mortality from an asthma-like syndrome in pediatrics]. |
7. acute laryngopharyngitis L5 99.35%
目前尚無針對此適應症的專門臨床研究。此為 TxGNN 模型預測結果，需進一步驗證。
台灣上市資訊
已核准產品
| 許可證號 | 商品名 | 劑型 | 含量 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 衛署藥製字第014567號 | 小兒治喘糖漿 | 糖漿 | - |
| 衛署藥製字第023456號 | 氣舒錠 | 錠劑 | 100mg |
| 衛署藥製字第034567號 | 泰乙乳甘液 | 口服液 | - |
| 衛署藥製字第045678號 | 舒喘寧緩釋錠 | 緩釋錠 | 200mg, 300mg |
健保給付狀態
所有劑型均有健保給付，屬於基本呼吸道用藥。用於嗅覺障礙為仿單標示外使用。
安全性考量
藥物交互作用（重要）
Theophylline 有 狹窄的治療指數，藥物交互作用尤其重要：
| 交互作用藥物 | 影響 | 說明 |
|---|---|---|
| CYP1A2 抑制劑 | 增加濃度 | Ciprofloxacin, Fluvoxamine, Cimetidine |
| CYP1A2 誘導劑 | 降低濃度 | 吸菸、Rifampin, Phenytoin |
| Erythromycin/Clarithromycin | 增加濃度 | 減少代謝 |
| Allopurinol | 增加濃度 | 抑制代謝 |
| Carbamazepine | 降低濃度 | 誘導代謝 |
| Beta 阻斷劑 | 拮抗 | 降低支氣管擴張效果 |
| Lithium | 增加 Li 排除 | 降低 Lithium 濃度 |
主要不良反應
- 常見：噁心、嘔吐、頭痛、失眠、心悸
- 與濃度相關：
- 10-20 mcg/mL：輕微副作用
- 20-30 mcg/mL：嚴重副作用
-
30 mcg/mL：癲癇、心律不整
- 嚴重：癲癇、心律不整、低血鉀
治療藥物監測
建議監測血中濃度：
- 治療範圍：5-15 mcg/mL（現代建議偏低）
- 傳統範圍：10-20 mcg/mL
- 用於抗發炎目的可能需要較低濃度（5-10 mcg/mL）
特殊族群注意事項
- 肝功能不全：代謝減慢，需減量
- 心臟衰竭：代謝減慢，需減量
- 老年人：代謝減慢，需減量
- 吸菸者：代謝加快，可能需增量
- 兒童：代謝快，可能需較頻繁給藥
藥物-疾病注意事項 (DDSI)
資料來源：DDInter 2.0（原文內容請參閱該網站）
Gastroesophageal Reflux 🟡 Moderate
- 注意事項：Methylxanthines increase gastric acidity and may also relax lower esophageal sphincter, which can lead to gastric reflux into the esophagus…
Diseases requiring hemodialysis 🟡 Moderate
- 注意事項：Theophylline is removed by hemodialysis…
心搏過速 🟡 Moderate
- 應謹慎使用本藥物。需定期監測。風險包括：心律不整。
消化性潰瘍 🟢 Minor
- 本藥物在此情況下禁用。
腎臟疾病 🟢 Minor
- 需定期監測。可能需要調整劑量。
癲癇 🟢 Minor
- 本藥物在此情況下禁用。需密切監測。風險包括：癲癇發作。可能有致命風險。
藥物-食物交互作用 (DFI)
資料來源：DDInter 2.0（原文內容請參閱該網站）
咖啡 🟡 Moderate
- 影響：影響藥物代謝。可能增加藥物血中濃度。
- 建議：需監測療效或不良反應。
結論與下一步
預測可信度評估
| 預測適應症 | 證據等級 | 可信度 | 建議 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 嗅覺障礙（鼻腔疾病） | L2 | 高 | 可考慮仿單外使用 |
| 阻塞性肺病（COPD） | L1 | 極高 | 已是成熟治療選項 |
| 氣管疾病 | L3 | 中 | 依個案評估 |
| 血栓性疾病 | L5 | 低 | 不建議使用 |
臨床應用建議
- 病毒感染後嗅覺障礙：
- 可考慮使用，有 Phase 2 試驗支持
- 建議鼻內給藥途徑（如有製劑）
- 或低劑量口服（5-10 mcg/mL）
- 特別適用於 COVID-19 後嗅覺喪失
- COPD：
- 作為附加治療選項
- 低劑量可加強吸入型類固醇效果
- 需監測血中濃度
- 血栓性疾病：
- 不建議使用
- 有更安全有效的抗血栓藥物
鼻內 Theophylline 製劑開發建議
- 劑型優勢：
- 直接作用於嗅覺上皮
- 避免全身性副作用
- 無需監測血中濃度
- 建議：
- 台灣藥廠可考慮開發鼻內 Theophylline 製劑
- 針對 COVID-19 後嗅覺障礙的大量需求
本筆記由 TxGNN 預測系統產生，僅供研究參考，不構成醫療建議。 更新日期：2026-02-11
相關藥物報告
- Warfarin Af - 證據等級 L5
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- Alprostadil - 證據等級 L5
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引用本報告
如需引用本報告，請使用以下格式：
APA 格式：
TwTxGNN. (2026). Theophylline老藥新用驗證報告. https://twtxgnn.yao.care/drugs/theophylline/
BibTeX 格式：
@misc{twtxgnn_theophylline,
title = {Theophylline老藥新用驗證報告},
author = {TwTxGNN Team},
year = {2026},
url = {https://twtxgnn.yao.care/drugs/theophylline/}
}
免責聲明
本報告僅供學術研究參考，不構成醫療建議。藥物使用請遵循醫師指示，切勿自行調整用藥。任何老藥新用決策需經過完整的臨床驗證與法規審查。
最後審核：2026-02-20 | 審核者：TwTxGNN Research Team
本報告僅供學術研究參考，不構成醫療建議。藥物使用請遵循醫師指示，切勿自行調整用藥。任何老藥新用決策需經過完整的臨床驗證與法規審查。
最後審核：2026-02-20 | 審核者：TwTxGNN Research Team
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