Milrinone
證據等級: L5 | 預測適應症: 10 個
## 藥師評估報告
Milrinone 藥師筆記
一句話總結
Milrinone 是一種磷酸二酯酶抑制劑，TxGNN 預測其對禿髮症及頭痛障礙有潛力，其中頭痛障礙（特別是可逆性腦血管收縮症候群相關頭痛）已有病例報告支持動脈內 Milrinone 的療效。
快速總覽
| 項目 | 內容 |
|---|---|
| 藥物名稱 | Milrinone（米力心） |
| DrugBank ID | DB00235 |
| 台灣商品名 | 米力心注射劑0.2毫克/毫升 |
| 原核准適應症 | 充血性心衰竭的短期療法 |
| 預測新適應症 | alopecia、hypotrichosis simplex of the scalp、congenital hypotrichosis milia、diffuse alopecia areata、headache disorder、congestive heart failure、migraine disorder、migraine with brainstem aura、trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia、acute pulmonary heart disease |
| 最高預測分數 | 0.9991（禿髮症） |
| 證據等級 | L3（觀察性研究/病例報告 - 頭痛障礙） |
預測適應症詳細分析
1. alopecia L5 99.91% 主要分析
為什麼這個預測合理？
### 藥理機轉分析
Milrinone 是選擇性磷酸二酯酶-3（PDE3）抑制劑，透過增加細胞內 cAMP 濃度發揮作用。其機轉與預測適應症的關聯：
- 禿髮症/毛髮稀疏症（TxGNN Score: 0.9991）
- PDE 抑制劑（如 minoxidil）已知可促進毛髮生長
- Milrinone 作為 PDE3 抑制劑理論上可能有類似作用
- 但缺乏直接證據
- 頭痛障礙（TxGNN Score: 0.9946）
- Milrinone 具有血管擴張作用
- 已有病例報告顯示動脈內 Milrinone 可用於治療可逆性腦血管收縮症候群（RCVS）
- 透過解除腦血管痙攣來緩解頭痛
- 充血性心衰竭（TxGNN Score: 0.9945）
- 此為原核准適應症，有豐富臨床試驗證據
臨床試驗
目前無針對此特定適應症的臨床試驗登記。
2. hypotrichosis simplex of the scalp L5 99.90%
目前尚無針對此適應症的專門臨床研究。此為 TxGNN 模型預測結果，需進一步驗證。
3. congenital hypotrichosis milia L5 99.89%
目前尚無針對此適應症的專門臨床研究。此為 TxGNN 模型預測結果，需進一步驗證。
4. diffuse alopecia areata L5 99.88%
目前尚無針對此適應症的專門臨床研究。此為 TxGNN 模型預測結果，需進一步驗證。
5. headache disorder L3 99.46%
臨床試驗（1 項）
| 試驗編號 | 階段 | 狀態 | 人數 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT06205758 | N/A | UNKNOWN | 1600 | Efficacy and Safety Prediction of Milrinone or Levosimendan as Initial Inotropic... |
相關文獻（3 篇）
| PMID | 年份 | 類型 | 期刊 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 34784343 | 2021 | Article | The American journal of case r | Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome in a Background of Eclampsia Respo... |
| 25440342 | 2015 | Article | Journal of stroke and cerebrov | A novel approach to diagnose reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a ca... |
| 18647181 | 2009 | Article | Headache | Intra-arterial milrinone for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. |
6. congestive heart failure L1 99.45%
臨床試驗（50 項）
| 試驗編號 | 階段 | 狀態 | 人數 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01301313 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | 116 | Phase II Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Levosimendan in Severe Acu... |
| NCT02098629 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 25 | Concomitant Milrinone and Esmolol Treatment in Patients with Acute Myocardial In... |
| NCT04369573 | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | 100 | Early Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Placement in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure C... |
| NCT06522594 | PHASE2 | RECRUITING | 20 | Randomized Embedded Multifactorial Adaptive Platform in ExtraCorporeal Membrane ... |
| NCT03071835 | N/A | COMPLETED | 47 | A Comparative Study of Subjects tHree to Thirteen Years Past thEiR fInal Follow-... |
| NCT05202938 | N/A | UNKNOWN | 32 | Energy MEtabolism of Septic Heart. |
| NCT04092855 | N/A | RECRUITING | 112 | Early Identification and Prediction of Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Failure... |
| NCT04573049 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | 124 | A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effectivene... |
| NCT01576094 | PHASE1, PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 20 | Phase I Study of Two Inodilators in Neonates Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery |
| NCT01971944 | N/A | COMPLETED | 50 | The Influence of Beta Blocker Therapy on the Hemodynamic Response to Inotrope In... |
| NCT04694092 | NA | UNKNOWN | 40 | Landiolol for Rate Control in Decompensated Heart Failure Due to Atrial Fibrilla... |
| NCT03836482 | NA | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | 20 | Feasibility Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of a Selective Cytopheretic ... |
| NCT01616069 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | 81 | Assessment and Hemodynamic Response in CABG After Cardiopulmonary Bypass Using I... |
| NCT01364636 | N/A | TERMINATED | 180 | Accuracy of Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in Predict... |
| NCT03574311 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | 210 | A Phase IV Double-blind, Randomised, Parallel Group Comparison of the Efficacy a... |
| NCT07186062 | N/A | COMPLETED | 60 | Clinical Outcomes of Levosimendan Versus Dobutamine Versus Milrinone in Cases Wi... |
| NCT05700617 | EARLY_PHASE1 | RECRUITING | 5 | Myocardial Reserve in Advanced Heart Failure Patients |
| NCT06595264 | N/A | COMPLETED | 19 | Patients With Aneurysms of the Vein of Galen, H.U.B Experience; a Retrospective ... |
| NCT03631654 | PHASE4 | WITHDRAWN | 0 | Ivabradine in Stage D Heart Failure Patients on Chronic Inotropes: A Pilot Study |
| NCT04718350 | NA | COMPLETED | 40 | Comparison of Intravenous Levosimendan and Inhalational Milrinone in High Risk C... |
| NCT06205758 | N/A | UNKNOWN | 1600 | Efficacy and Safety Prediction of Milrinone or Levosimendan as Initial Inotropic... |
| NCT05999487 | NA | UNKNOWN | 40 | Dobutamine Versus Milrinone in Management of Critically Ill Low Cardiac Output P... |
| NCT04014010 | N/A | COMPLETED | 35000 | Machine Learning Modeling of Intraoperative Hemodynamic Predictors of 30-day Mor... |
| NCT03180450 | PHASE1, PHASE2 | SUSPENDED | 60 | The Study of Heart Failure With Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUC... |
| NCT05063370 | PHASE2 | UNKNOWN | 40 | Perioperative Use of Levosimendan in Patients With Impaired Right Ventricular Fu... |
| NCT02606253 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | 60 | Comparison of Oral Thiazides vs Intravenous Thiazides vs Tolvaptan in Combinatio... |
| NCT04682483 | N/A | RECRUITING | 5000 | Cardiogenic Shock Working Group Registry |
| NCT03160846 | N/A | COMPLETED | 129 | Inotrope, Evaluation and Research (INTERPRET) Patient Registry Program |
| NCT04184674 | NA | COMPLETED | 50 | Impact of the Transpulmonary Pressure on Right Ventricle Function in Acute Respi... |
| NCT04458103 | NA | TERMINATED | 161 | Percutaneous RVAD to Preemptively Treat Right Heart Failure Post-LVAD |
| NCT04015973 | NA | UNKNOWN | 116 | A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Pre-operative High Energy Diet for the Preven... |
| NCT00338455 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | 16 | Investigation of the Use of Natrecor (Nesiritide) in Transplant-Eligible Managem... |
| NCT04782154 | N/A | COMPLETED | 136 | Paceport Swan-Ganz Data Collection Study |
| NCT02728128 | N/A | COMPLETED | 53 | Platelet and Tissue cAMP: Novel Biomarkers of Milrinone Efficacy in Children |
| NCT01571037 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | 10 | Inhaled Milrinone Use in Patients Receiving HeartMate II LVAD: A Pilot Study |
| NCT06800716 | N/A | RECRUITING | 50 | A Prospective Study of Recovery Mechanisms in Heart Transplant Eligible Patients... |
| NCT05450328 | PHASE2 | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | 141 | Inhaled Milrinone and Epoprostenol for the Prevention of Difficult Cardiac Pulmo... |
| NCT00060840 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 150 | The Effects of Nitric Oxide for Inhalation During Left Ventricular Assist Device... |
| NCT02644057 | PHASE2 | WITHDRAWN | 0 | Comparison of Dobutamine Versus Milrinone for Renal Recovery in Patients With Ca... |
| NCT04586764 | N/A | UNKNOWN | 500 | ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Hemodynamic OutComes: Role of Non-Invasive Ca... |
| NCT04278404 | N/A | RECRUITING | 5000 | Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs |
| NCT02077010 | PHASE1 | COMPLETED | 10 | Nebulized Inhaled Milrinone in a Hospitalized Advanced Heart Failure Population |
| NCT07175948 | N/A | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | 100 | Outcome of Different Clinical Phenotypes of Myocarditis in Children Admitted to ... |
| NCT07019987 | NA | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | 80 | Imaging the Respiratory Effects of Truncal Adiposity in Acute Hypoxemic Respirat... |
| NCT01956006 | PHASE1, PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 26 | Pilot Study of Slow Release Oral Milrinone in Patients With Advanced Heart Failu... |
| NCT05064202 | NA | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | 456 | Use of mechaNical Left ventricuLar unlOading in Acute decompensateD Heart Failur... |
| NCT05801224 | NA | SUSPENDED | 70 | Regional Vascular Recruitment With Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Patients With ARDS |
| NCT02408003 | NA | COMPLETED | 30 | What Are the Changes in Cardiac Deformation Variables and Hemodynamic Parameters... |
| NCT04298229 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 240 | A Randomized, Open-label Study of Dapagliflozin in Patients With or Without Type... |
| NCT01849094 | PHASE1, PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 9 | Evaluating the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Haemodynamic Effect of a Slow Releas... |
相關文獻（20 篇）
| PMID | 年份 | 類型 | 期刊 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 35545181 | 2023 | Article | Current problems in cardiology | Meta-analysis Comparing the Efficacy of Dobutamine Versus Milrinone in Acute Dec... |
| 3012226 | 1986 | Article | The Medical clinics of North A | Congestive heart failure. |
| 31865433 | 2020 | Article | Heart and vessels | Comparing the effects of milrinone and olprinone in patients with congestive hea... |
| 36122816 | 2022 | Article | Journal of cardiac failure | Palliative Inotropes in Advanced Heart Failure: Comparing Outcomes Between Milri... |
| 22664586 | 2012 | Article | Circulation journal : official | Combination of β-blocker and milrinone for acute heart failure. |
| 35243658 | 2022 | Article | Clinical cardiology | Repetitive milrinone therapy in ambulatory advanced heart failure patients. |
| 32552221 | 2020 | Article | Journal of the American Heart | Old Drug, New Trick? Oral Milrinone for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fr... |
| 38147129 | 2024 | Article | European journal of pediatrics | Milrinone in pediatric heart failure and pulmonary hypertension: Is meta-analyse... |
| 37891490 | 2023 | Article | BMC pediatrics | Milrinone for the treatment of heart failure caused by severe Pneumonia in child... |
| 38547524 | 2024 | Article | Journal of cardiovascular phar | Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Intermittent, Repeated, or Continuous Us... |
| 4050707 | 1985 | Article | The American journal of cardio | Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of milrinone in chronic congestive heart f... |
| 23620310 | 2014 | Article | Angiology | Milrinone in advanced heart failure: dose and therapeutic monitor outside intens... |
| 37322827 | 2023 | Article | ESC heart failure | Improved mortality and haemodynamics with milrinone in cardiogenic shock due to ... |
| 36417945 | 2023 | Article | Journal of pain and symptom ma | Home Milrinone in Pediatric Hospice Care of Children with Heart Failure. |
| 1949499 | 1991 | Article | The Veterinary clinics of Nort | The efficacy and safety of milrinone for treating heart failure in dogs. |
| 37909442 | 2024 | Article | Current medicinal chemistry | Current Targets and Future Directions of Positive Inotropes for Heart Failure. |
| 2658377 | 1989 | Article | DICP : the annals of pharmacot | Role of milrinone in the management of congestive heart failure. |
| 35384369 | 2022 | Article | ESC heart failure | Milrinone or dobutamine in patients with heart failure: evidence from meta-analy... |
| 36229299 | 2022 | Article | Heart, lung & circulation | Long-Term Ambulatory Intravenous Milrinone Therapy in Advanced Heart Failure. |
| 37999764 | 2024 | Article | European journal of pediatrics | Reassessing the role of milrinone in the treatment of heart failure and pulmonar... |
7. migraine disorder L5 99.45%
目前尚無針對此適應症的專門臨床研究。此為 TxGNN 模型預測結果，需進一步驗證。
8. migraine with brainstem aura L5 99.38%
目前尚無針對此適應症的專門臨床研究。此為 TxGNN 模型預測結果，需進一步驗證。
9. trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia L5 99.25%
目前尚無針對此適應症的專門臨床研究。此為 TxGNN 模型預測結果，需進一步驗證。
10. acute pulmonary heart disease L1 99.19%
臨床試驗（27 項）
| 試驗編號 | 階段 | 狀態 | 人數 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05049590 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 63 | Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution (ANH) in Complex Cardiac Surgery |
| NCT05194514 | NA | COMPLETED | 20 | Randomized Trial to Compare the SherpaPak™ Device vs Cold Storage of Donor Heart... |
| NCT04092855 | N/A | RECRUITING | 112 | Early Identification and Prediction of Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Failure... |
| NCT01971944 | N/A | COMPLETED | 50 | The Influence of Beta Blocker Therapy on the Hemodynamic Response to Inotrope In... |
| NCT04694092 | NA | UNKNOWN | 40 | Landiolol for Rate Control in Decompensated Heart Failure Due to Atrial Fibrilla... |
| NCT04182945 | NA | TERMINATED | 20 | Fever Algorithm Development of a Non-invasive Wearable Core Body Temperature Sen... |
| NCT03836482 | NA | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | 20 | Feasibility Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of a Selective Cytopheretic ... |
| NCT06361420 | NA | RECRUITING | 43 | The Efficacy of Driving Pressure-guided Lung Protective Ventilation in Surgical ... |
| NCT02549066 | NA | COMPLETED | 18 | Impact of CArdiopulmonary Bypass Flow on Renal Blood Flow, Function and OXygenat... |
| NCT05253209 | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | 64 | A Phase III Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Multi Center Clinical ... |
| NCT03335865 | N/A | COMPLETED | 100 | Noninvasive Measurements of Renal Perfusion During Cardiac Surgery |
| NCT07231107 | NA | COMPLETED | 90 | Comparative Study Between Airway Pressure Release Ventilation and Pressure Regul... |
| NCT04014010 | N/A | COMPLETED | 35000 | Machine Learning Modeling of Intraoperative Hemodynamic Predictors of 30-day Mor... |
| NCT04184674 | NA | COMPLETED | 50 | Impact of the Transpulmonary Pressure on Right Ventricle Function in Acute Respi... |
| NCT04015973 | NA | UNKNOWN | 116 | A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Pre-operative High Energy Diet for the Preven... |
| NCT04782154 | N/A | COMPLETED | 136 | Paceport Swan-Ganz Data Collection Study |
| NCT05757557 | PHASE1, PHASE2 | COMPLETED | 136 | Perioperative Nitric oxiDE-conditioning, Produced by Plasma-chemical Synthesis T... |
| NCT06800716 | N/A | RECRUITING | 50 | A Prospective Study of Recovery Mechanisms in Heart Transplant Eligible Patients... |
| NCT03207165 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | 192 | Comparison of Milrinone Versus Dobutamine in a Heterogeneous Population of Criti... |
| NCT01864252 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 192 | The Effect of Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning and Glyceryl Trinitrate on Peri-o... |
| NCT04586764 | N/A | UNKNOWN | 500 | ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Hemodynamic OutComes: Role of Non-Invasive Ca... |
| NCT05740397 | NA | RECRUITING | 900 | Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Trial: Study Protocol for a Multicenter, Randomized... |
| NCT07019987 | NA | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | 80 | Imaging the Respiratory Effects of Truncal Adiposity in Acute Hypoxemic Respirat... |
| NCT02280239 | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | 10 | Safety and Antipyretic Efficacy of Acetaminophen in the Febrile Intensive Care U... |
| NCT02836899 | PHASE3 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | 250 | Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury by Nitric Oxide in Prolonged Cardiopulmonary B... |
| NCT02891837 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | 189 | A Phase III Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Multi-Center Clinical ... |
| NCT05801224 | NA | SUSPENDED | 70 | Regional Vascular Recruitment With Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Patients With ARDS |
相關文獻（20 篇）
| PMID | 年份 | 類型 | 期刊 | 主要發現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8659556 | 1996 | Article | The American journal of the me | Milrinone: basic and clinical pharmacology and acute and chronic management. |
| 11096492 | 1999 | Article | Current treatment options in c | Acute Pulmonary Edema. |
| 16582544 | 2006 | Article | Cardiology | Medical and ventilatory treatment of acute heart failure: new insights. |
| 16541166 | 2006 | Article | Tidsskrift for den Norske laeg | [Medical and ventilatory treatment of acute heart failure]. |
| 21678708 | 2011 | Article | Prescrire international | Acute heart failure with dyspnoea: initial treatment. Furosemide and trinitrine,... |
| 11792300 | 2001 | Article | Revista espanola de anestesiol | [The pulmonary vasodilatory effect of inhaled prostacyclin and milrinone in hear... |
| 20056439 | 2010 | Article | Journal of cardiothoracic and | Inhaled nitroglycerin versus inhaled milrinone in children with congenital heart... |
| 28793822 | 2017 | Article | Journal of cardiovascular phar | Dose-Response Head-to-Head Comparison of Inodilators Dobutamine, Milrinone, and ... |
| 33561307 | 2021 | Article | Pediatric pulmonology | Intensive care management of right ventricular failure and pulmonary hypertensio... |
| 7728786 | 1995 | Article | Cardiology | Hemodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of oral milrinone for short-term suppor... |
| 8903534 | 1996 | Article | Clinical cardiology | Comparative efficacy of short-term intravenous infusions of milrinone and dobuta... |
| 18303526 | 2008 | Article | Current opinion in cardiology | New therapies in acute decompensated heart failure. |
| 22481100 | 2012 | Article | Circulation journal : official | Low-dose β-blocker in combination with milrinone safely improves cardiac functio... |
| 8797620 | 1996 | Article | Critical care medicine | Multicenter, double-blind study of intravenous milrinone for patients with acute... |
| 9673832 | 1998 | Article | Clinical pharmacokinetics | Clinical pharmacokinetics of vasodilators. Part II. |
| 2035427 | 1991 | Article | American heart journal | Hemodynamic and clinical benefits with intravenous milrinone in severe chronic h... |
| 3953354 | 1986 | Article | American heart journal | Occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients receiving acute and chronic in... |
| 37980253 | 2023 | Article | Transplantation proceedings | Revisiting Pulmonary Hypertension in the Era of Temporary Mechanical Circulatory... |
| 20497611 | 2010 | Article | Critical care (London, England | Clinical review: practical recommendations on the management of perioperative he... |
| 3976517 | 1985 | Article | The American journal of cardio | Acute dose range study of milrinone in congestive heart failure. |
台灣上市資訊
| 許可證字號 | 商品名 | 劑型 | 許可證持有者 | 狀態 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| （待確認） | 米力心注射劑0.2毫克/毫升 | 注射劑 | （待確認） | 有效 |
適應症：充血性心衰竭的短期療法。需在有適當心電圖監測設備的環境下使用。
安全性考量
使用注意事項
- 心律不整風險
- 可能引起危及生命的室性心律不整
- 需持續心電圖監測
- 使用限制
- 目前無使用超過 48 小時的對照試驗經驗
- 建議僅作為短期療法
- 藥物交互作用
- 常與 digoxin 和利尿劑併用
- 與其他強心藥物併用時需謹慎
給藥途徑考量
- 靜脈注射：心衰竭標準給藥方式
- 動脈內注射：RCVS 治療的研究給藥方式，需專業介入設備
- 吸入給藥：肺高壓治療的研究給藥方式
藥物-疾病注意事項 (DDSI)
資料來源：DDInter 2.0（原文內容請參閱該網站）
肝臟疾病 🟡 Moderate
- 需定期監測。風險包括：肝毒性。
低血壓 🟡 Moderate
- 需定期監測。
Thrombocytopenia 🟡 Moderate
- 風險包括：血栓。出現症狀時應考慮停藥。
Arrhythmias, Cardiac 🟢 Minor
- 需密切監測。風險包括：心律不整。可能有致命風險。
Heart Valve Diseases 🟢 Minor
- 不應使用本藥物。可能有嚴重不良反應。
Myocardial Infarction 🟢 Minor
- 不建議使用本藥物。
結論與下一步
評估結論
| 預測適應症 | 證據等級 | 臨床轉譯可行性 | 建議優先順序 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 頭痛障礙（RCVS） | L3 | 中等 | 建議進一步研究 |
| 禿髮症 | L5 | 低 | 不建議優先開發 |
| 心衰竭 | L1 | 高（已核准） | 不適用 |
建議
- 可逆性腦血管收縮症候群（RCVS）
- 目前已有多篇病例報告支持動脈內 Milrinone 的療效
- 建議設計前瞻性研究評估安全性和有效性
- 可考慮作為鈣離子通道阻斷劑無效時的救援治療
- 禿髮症
- 雖然 PDE 抑制劑理論上可能有效
- 但 Milrinone 為注射劑型，不適合局部外用治療禿髮
- 不建議進一步開發
後續行動
- 確認頭痛障礙文獻證據（已有 3 篇病例報告）
- 監測 RCVS 治療的新臨床試驗
- 評估是否有可能開發局部外用劑型用於禿髮（可行性低）
報告產生日期：2026-02-11 資料來源：TxGNN 預測、ClinicalTrials.gov、PubMed、台灣 FDA
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引用本報告
如需引用本報告，請使用以下格式：
APA 格式：
TwTxGNN. (2026). Milrinone老藥新用驗證報告. https://twtxgnn.yao.care/drugs/milrinone/
BibTeX 格式：
@misc{twtxgnn_milrinone,
title = {Milrinone老藥新用驗證報告},
author = {TwTxGNN Team},
year = {2026},
url = {https://twtxgnn.yao.care/drugs/milrinone/}
}
免責聲明
本報告僅供學術研究參考，不構成醫療建議。藥物使用請遵循醫師指示，切勿自行調整用藥。任何老藥新用決策需經過完整的臨床驗證與法規審查。
最後審核：2026-02-20 | 審核者：TwTxGNN Research Team
本報告僅供學術研究參考，不構成醫療建議。藥物使用請遵循醫師指示，切勿自行調整用藥。任何老藥新用決策需經過完整的臨床驗證與法規審查。
最後審核：2026-02-20 | 審核者：TwTxGNN Research Team
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